Okay, it was a board geometry problem. I had some large areas of copper trace for the MOSFET as a heatsinking measure, and apparently that added capacitance was throwing everything off. I redid the board with just a large ground plane and all of the high voltage components moved adjacent to each other, and thus far it's performing beautifully.
Another thing I discovered: if you ground the metal mounting plate of the MOSFET (where the screw goes through), it won't work? Which seems like a really strange design by the manufacturer of the IRF730, I would expect that plate to be connected to the ground lead if anything. So if your system is not producing high voltage, check that, I guess.
Really glad you got it working! good info on the Fet, I didn't know that. I normally don't do anything with that grounding tab.